Abstract: Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL disease) is a hereditary tumor syndrome caused by VHL mutations. VHL disease-related tumors are often multiple and mostly treated by surgery. However, they often relapse after surgery. The VHL gene functions as a tumor suppressor through both hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) dependent and HIF-independent pathway. Research on the genetic mechanisms of VHL disease has laid the foundation for the treatment of the disease. In recent years, the targeted drugs based on the genetic mechanism of VHL disease have provided a new approach for the treatment of the disease. Small molecule targeted drugs such as belzutifan and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which act on the hypoxia signaling pathway, have shown excellent prospects for the treatment of VHL disease.The study aimed to summarize the genetic mechanisms and advances in related treatment of VHL disease. More in-depth clinical research on targeted drugs for VHL disease will provide more treatment options for the patients.